A two-minute visual history

Basic Income

What a person receives simply by belonging, and how that has been paid for ten thousand years.

It was a share of the kill. It became grain, then alms, then relief, then insurance against the accidents of a working life. Money may be only its latest form, and work only its latest condition.

Follow the share
A barbed harpoon head carved from reindeer antler, the weapon that brought the kill home
The kill
An Egyptian wooden model of a granary with scribes counting the grain as it is carried in
The store
A British postal order of five shillings, marked old age pension, payable at the post office
The payment
From a share of the kill to a payment for existing
Didier Descouens · CC BY-SA 4.0 · The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0 · British Government · Public domain
Rock painting at Tassili n'Ajjer showing hunters gathered around a large animal

Kinship · reciprocity · the kill divided Patrick Gruban · CC BY-SA 2.0

01

Sharing

Before property · prehistory

The first guarantee was probably a share of what the group caught.

Food was shared among relatives and out of duty; nobody paid for it. A hunter who came back empty ate anyway, because the one who ate today would be the one who came back empty tomorrow. Everyone could eat from what the group had.

Then someone held the key
Wooden model of a granary with scribes recording the grain, from the tomb of Meketre, Egypt

Egypt · around 2000 BCE The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0

02

Granary

The first cities · from c. 3000 BCE

Once there was a store, someone had to answer for hunger.

Settlement brought property, and property brought a gap between those who had grain and those who did not. Temples and rulers held the stores, counted them, and opened them in bad years. Debts were cancelled, sometimes by proclamation. Early welfare was food, and its records are among the first accounts.

Then a city wrote down who could eat
A Roman denarius whose reverse shows Annona, the personified grain supply, with ears of corn and a grain measure

Rome · the grain put on a coin Derby Museums Trust · CC BY-SA 2.0

03

Grain

Rome · from 123 BCE

Rome wrote down who was entitled.

The city sold grain below the market price, and later gave it away. What made it new was less the generosity than the register: a list of names, and a rule saying who could be on it. The share was attached to citizenship, to residence in the city, and to being a man.

The Roman grain laws at LacusCurtius
Then the giving changed hands
The great hall of the poor at the Hôtel-Dieu in Beaune, with its rows of curtained beds

Beaune · hall of the poor, founded 1443 Gzen92 · CC BY-SA 4.0

04

Alms

Religious societies · the long middle

Helping the poor became a religious duty.

Giving moved from the ruler to the believer. In Islam the share is fixed and owed each year, about a fortieth of what one holds, and it is a pillar of the faith rather than a favour. In Christendom monasteries and hospitals fed and housed the poor, and endowments kept doing it after their founders died. Nobody administered it centrally, and that was its strength and its weakness.

Then the neighbours were made to pay
Part of the St Marylebone workhouse in London before its reconstruction

England · relief with a building attached Wellcome Collection · CC BY 4.0

05

Relief

England · 1601 to 1834

Relief became administration, and administration sorted people.

England made poverty a public charge on the parish, paid by a rate levied on neighbours. With money came categories: those thought unable to work, and those thought unwilling. In 1795 the magistrates of Speenhamland went further and tied the payment to the price of bread and the size of the family, which made the guarantee a number that moved. By 1834 the answer had hardened into the workhouse, where relief was made deliberately unpleasant so that few would ask.

The English Poor Laws, at the Workhouse archive
Then it was paid for out of wages
Portrait photograph of Otto von Bismarck, who created the first national social insurance

Germany · 1883, 1884, 1889 Jacques Pilartz · Public domain

06

Insurance

Germany, then Britain · 1883 to 1942

The guarantee stopped being charity and became a contribution.

Bismarck insured workers against sickness, then accident, then old age, and did it partly to weaken his opponents. The change was profound all the same: what you received was no longer a favour but something you had paid into, and asking for it carried less shame. Beveridge carried the idea to its widest form in 1942, from cradle to grave. The whole system rests on one condition, that a person has a job.

The Beveridge Report at the National Archives
Then the job stopped being certain
The world's largest poster, unrolled on the Plainpalais in Geneva for the Swiss basic income initiative

Geneva · the question laid on the ground Generation Grundeinkommen · CC BY 2.0

07

Income

From 1797 · still a proposal

The proposal removes the condition.

Thomas Paine put it plainly in 1797. For him, the earth was common property before it was improved, so every person is owed a payment at adulthood and again in old age, not as charity but as the rent of what was enclosed. The idea often returns when work changes shape, and is argued about as if it were new.

No country has adopted it in full. Alaska has paid every resident a yearly dividend from its oil fund since 1982. Finland tried it for two years with unemployed people and found less anxiety and little change in how much they worked. Switzerland voted on it in 2016 and said no, after the largest poster in the world was unrolled in Geneva to ask what people would do if their income were assured.

Read Paine’s Agrarian Justice
The five words behind the story

A small vocabulary

Words that are often traded for one another

Basic income

A payment made to a person because they exist, without a test of means and without a condition of work.

Relief

Help given after need is proved. It arrives late by design, and it requires someone to judge the case.

Insurance

A shared promise against an event: sickness, accident, old age, unemployment. What is received was paid for in advance, usually out of wages.

Means test

The check of what a person already has, used to decide whether they may receive. It saves money and can cost dignity, and the argument is not settled.

The commons

What belonged to everyone before it was divided. Paine's claim rests on it: the payment is rent for an enclosure, not a gift.

Sources and limits

Markers, and one honest gap.

This page follows one question: what does a person receive simply by belonging? The first stage is the least certain. What we say about sharing before writing comes from archaeology and from observing recent hunting and gathering peoples, so it is an inference and not a record. The later stages rest on texts that survive.